'If we take the engine out, how will the car go?': beliefs, understanding and access to vasectomy services in Timor-Leste.

Vasectomy is a safe, highly effective and affordable method of permanent contraception, and one of the few currently available contraceptive methods for men. Despite this, vasectomy uptake remains overall low, making up just 2% of the global contraceptive method mix. To better understand access to vasectomy in a country with negligible uptake, we conducted participatory and operational research in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (Timor-Leste). We held 14 participatory group discussions with 175 community participants (84 men, 91 women; aged 18-72) across seven municipalities (Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Dili, Lautem, Manufahi, and Oecusse), and individual in-depth interviews with 24 healthcare providers (16 women, 8 men; aged 25-56 years). Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Community awareness and understanding about vasectomy were limited, with concerns expressed about physical and social side effects. Healthcare providers had limited experience and knowledge about vasectomy, and about male sexual and reproductive health more generally. However, our findings also indicate a small but existing demand for vasectomy services that could be grown and better met through health systems strengthening initiatives. Insights from our research have informed programmatic decision-making in Timor-Leste and can be further used to inform national health policy and practice.

'It depends on who is asking and why they will use it': Access to male condoms in Timor-Leste.

The uptake of male condoms remains markedly low in The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (Timor-Leste), an island nation in South-East Asia. To understand why, we conducted participatory and operational research about beliefs, understanding and access to male condoms from both a community and healthcare provider perspective. We held 14 participatory group discussions (PGDs) with 175 community participants (84 men, 91 women; aged 18-72) across seven municipalities (Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Dili, Lautem, Manufahi, and Oecusse) in 2019. We held individual in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 24 healthcare providers working in the same community catchment areas as the PGDs. Two counsellors, four doctors, fifteen midwives, and three nurses participated (16 women, 8 men; aged 25-56 years). Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. PGD and IDI participant awareness, understanding and beliefs about male condoms were diverse. Male condoms were often discussed as something negative and taboo, and as something that is highly regulated and discouraged within society and the health system. However, many PGD and IDI participants also challenged this narrative by providing a more rights-based perspective about universal access to sexual and reproductive health information and services, including male condoms. Insights from our research have been used to inform programmatic decision-making in Timor-Leste, including health promotion and service delivery initiatives. Our findings can be further used to inform national health policy, healthcare provider training, and advocacy and communication work.

Mining dams disasters as systemic risks.

Between 2015 and 2019, Brazil recorded the two most serious disasters involving mining dams of the 21st century. The purpose of this article is to offer an understanding of these disasters as systemic risks. They involve from global and national processes related to social determinants that materialize in a complex system of dams distributed throughout the country with their intrinsic risks. When they occur, result in a set of impacts with potential damage and immediate effects combined with secondary and tertiary impacts that can trigger chain reactions, which promote risk factors of heterogeneous and complex occurrence. Approaching these events from the point of view of systemic risk allows for a broader understanding of both the singularity of each of these disasters and their multiple exposure, risk and disease processes, as well as the structural characteristics in which social, political processes and dynamics and economic factors reproduce in multiple territories a common pattern of disasters and their effects. We conclude that the promotion of population health and sustainable territories should guide the organization of production processes and not the opposite, with the externalization of human, environmental and social costs of mining and its disasters.

Participatory Qualitative Research in a Multilingual Context: The Use of Panel Translation to Better Understand and Improve Sexual and Reproductive Health in Timor-Leste.

Understanding and respecting different linguistic and socio-cultural needs of health service users is critical to design, adapt and provide appropriate health services. We explored access to male family planning methods in The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, a linguistically and culturally diverse nation, by conducting 14 participatory group discussions (PGDs) with 175 participants across seven municipalities. Participants (84 men and 91 women, aged 18 to 72) spoke 13 different languages. PGDs were audio-recorded and translated to English using a multilingual panel translation approach that enabled rigorous and reflexive discussion and learning between researchers about context and meaning. Planning for language diversity helped us to centre participant voices and to hear perspectives that may have otherwise been excluded or misrepresented. Our study affirms the need for research teams to include diverse members who help ensure meaning and voice is not lost across cultural and linguistic differences. Linguistic respect, inclusion and transparency are required to realise improved health and development outcomes.

Mining dams disasters as systemic risks / Desastres em barragens de mineração como riscos sistêmicos

ABSTRACT: Between 2015 and 2019, Brazil recorded the two most serious disasters involving mining dams of the 21st century. The purpose of this article is to offer an understanding of these disasters as systemic risks. They involve from global and national processes related to social determinants that materialize in a complex system of dams distributed throughout the country with their intrinsic risks. When they occur, result in a set of impacts with potential damage and immediate effects combined with secondary and tertiary impacts that can trigger chain reactions, which promote risk factors of heterogeneous and complex occurrence. Approaching these events from the point of view of systemic risk allows for a broader understanding of both the singularity of each of these disasters and their multiple exposure, risk and disease processes, as well as the structural characteristics in which social, political processes and dynamics and economic factors reproduce in multiple territories a common pattern of disasters and their effects. We conclude that the promotion of population health and sustainable territories should guide the organization of production processes and not the opposite, with the externalization of human, environmental and social costs of mining and its disasters.

RESUMO: Entre 2015 e 2019, o Brasil registrou os dois mais graves desastres envolvendo barragens de mineração do século XXI. O objetivo deste artigo é oferecer a compreensão desses desastres como riscos sistêmicos, que envolvem desde processos globais e nacionais relacionados aos determinantes sociais que se concretizam em um complexo sistema de barragens distribuídas pelo País com seus riscos intrínsecos. Quando ocorrem, resultam em um conjunto de impactos com potencial de danos e efeitos imediatos combinados com impactos secundários e terciários que podem desencadear reações em cadeia, promovendo fatores de riscos de ocorrência heterogênea e complexa. Abordar esses eventos com base no conceito de risco sistêmico permite uma compreensão mais ampla tanto da singularidade de cada um desses desastres e seus múltiplos processos de exposição, riscos e doenças, como também das características estruturais com que os processos e dinâmicas sociais, políticas e econômicas reproduzem, em múltiplos territórios, um padrão comum de desastres e seus efeitos. Concluímos que a promoção da saúde da população e de territórios sustentáveis deve orientar a organização dos processos produtivos e não o contrário, com a externalização dos custos humanos, ambientais e sociais da mineração e seus desastres.

Do global ao local: desafios para redução de riscos à saúde relacionados com mudanças climáticas, desastre e Emergências em Saúde Pública / From global to local: challenges to reduce health risks related to climate change, disasters, and Public Health Emergencies

RESUMO Pela primeira vez na história, presenciam-se transformações no padrão esperado do clima com consequências ainda desconhecidas para sociedade industrial moderna. Esses riscos globais ocorrem em um mundo cada vez mais conectado, com população crescente e ambientalmente degradado, tendo como pano de fundo um cenário em que há uma relação proporcionalmente inversa entre os países, populações e grupos sociais que sofrem, de modo mais amplo e intenso, os riscos e danos provocados pelas mudanças climáticas. Um dos impactos imediatos já observados é o aumento na frequência e na magnitude de eventos extremos, gerando cenários propícios ao surgimento de emergências em saúde. Este artigo teve como objetivo apresentar os principais desafios para redução de riscos à saúde relacionados com mudanças no clima, desastre e Emergências em Saúde Pública; os principais avanços nas políticas sobre o tema; e ações de saúde dentro desse complexo cenário social, ambiental e sanitário iminente. Como resultado, apresentam-se os principais acordos globais relacionados e as necessidades de ampliação do Sistema Nacional de Redução de Riscos à Saúde visando fortalecer as ações necessárias, a fim de obter resposta adequada aos fatores de risco apresentados. Para tanto, apresentam-se seis recomendações necessária à elaboração desse sistema.

ABSTRACT For the first time in history, transformations in the expected pattern of the climate are witnessed with consequences still unknown for modern industrial society. These global risks occur in an increasingly connected world, with a growing and environmentally degraded population, against the background of a scenario in which there is a proportionately inverse relationship between countries, populations and social groups that suffer, in a broader and more intense way, the risks and damages caused by climate change. One of the immediate impacts already observed is the increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, generating scenarios favorable to the emergence of health emergencies. This article aimed to present the main challenges for reducing health risks related to climate change, disaster and Public Health Emergencies; the main advances in policies on the subject; and health actions within this complex imminent social, environmental and health scenario. As a result, the main related global agreements and the needs to expand the National Health Risk Reduction System are presented, aiming at strengthening the necessary actions, in order to obtain an adequate response to the risk factors presented. To this end, six recommendations are presented that are necessary for the elaboration of this system.

Segurança de barragens e os riscos potenciais à saúde pública / Safety of dams and the potential risks to public health

RESUMO Este artigo visou refletir sobre a implementação e a efetividade da Política Nacional de Segurança de Barragens (PNSB) e sobre as ações de redução do risco de desastres no contexto da saúde pública. As barragens podem ter diversos usos, e seu rompimento causa danos sociais, ambientais e sanitários de grande dimensão que perduram ao longo do tempo. O estudo foi realizado a partir de revisão da literatura e análise de dados do cadastro de barragens no Brasil de 2017. Hoje, não se sabe o quantitativo de barragens existentes nem as reais estatísticas das ocorrências de incidentes/acidentes por danos ou colapso das estruturas. São vários os atores envolvidos no processo de segurança de barragens, e 43 órgãos têm a atribuição de fiscalizar mais de 24 mil barragens cadastradas no Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Segurança de Barragens, em que 76% dos registros não possuem informações suficientes para definir sua submissão à PNSB. Os impactos sobre a saúde, pessoas e serviços são diversos, diretos e indiretos. Assim, o trabalho procura demostrar que a PNSB é um dispositivo com potencialidade mudar o cenário de gestão de risco de desastre, e sua efetiva implementação promoverá a redução das incertezas quanto ao risco à população.

ABSTRACT This article aimed to reflect on the implementation and effectiveness of the National Dam Safety Policy (PNSB) and on disaster risk reduction actions in the context of public health. Dams can have several uses, and their rupture causes great social, environmental, and health damage that lingers over time. The study was carried out based on a literature review and data analysis of the dam registry in Brazil in 2017. Today, the number of existing dams and the real statistics on the occurrence of incidents/accidents due to damage or collapse of structures are not known. There are several actors involved in the dam safety process, and 43 bodies are responsible for inspecting more than 24,000 dams registered in the National Dam Safety Information System, in which 76% of the records do not have enough information to define their submission to the PNSB. The impacts on health, people, and services are diverse, direct, and indirect. Thus, this work seeks to demonstrate that the PNSB is a device with the potential to change the scenario of disaster risk management, and its effective implementation will promote the reduction of uncertainties regarding risk to the population.

Matte photographic paper as a low-cost material for metal ion retention and elemental measurements with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

Matte photographic paper was explored as a low-cost material for metal-ion retention. The extraction was promoted by ultrasound, the mechanical waves of which forced adhesion to the photographic paper surface of an ion pair formed by DTAB (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) with the anionic coordination complex formed by metal ions and SPADNS (1,8-dihydroxy-2-(4-sulfophenylazo)naphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid trisodium salt). As a proof of concept, the migration of copper ions present in aqueous solution to the solid phase and their direct measurement by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was evaluated. The main parameters that affected the extraction (paper type and sonication time) and analyte detection in the solid phase (delay, spot size and accumulated number of pulses) were optimised in a univariate way. The conditions influencing the complexation reaction and formation of the ion pair in aqueous solution (pH and copper, SPADNS and DTAB concentrations) were set according to a previous study. Under the optimised conditions, it was possible to use this extraction technology as an alternative in determining copper content in aqueous solutions by LIBS, overcoming the intrinsic difficulties of this instrumental technique in the analysis of liquid samples. The calibration curves were obtained in a linear range of 0.50-7.50 mg L-1 copper in solution, with detection and quantification limits estimated at 0.08 and 0.24 mg L-1, respectively. The precision of the method was less than 4.3% and the accuracy was checked by spike and recovery tests on liquid samples with different chemical compositions and by comparison of LIBS results with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry data. The potential of the proposed method for extraction of Al3+, Ag+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ was also evaluated and adequate extraction efficiencies were obtained. The proposed method stands out due to its low cost and ease of execution.

Acidentes de trabalho que se tornam desastres: os casos dos rompimentos em barragens de mineração no Brasil / Work accidents which become disasters: mine tailing dam failures in Brazil

O recente rompimento da barragem da mineradora Vale S.A., em 2019, figura entre os mais graves acidentes de trabalho já registrados no Brasil e caminha para se tornar um marco no sistema de gerenciamento de riscos dessas atividades no país. Ele caracteriza-se como um evento que envolve desde impactos intensivos e diretos sobre trabalhadores e comunidades a efeitos extensivos no espaço e tempo, irreversíveis e de difícil gestão. Rompimentos de barragens não são eventos raros, porém, apesar da baixa frequência, configuram uma fratura exposta de um universo de anormalidades transformadas em normalidades no cotidiano das corporações. Acidentes de trabalho como esse e o da Samarco em 2015 abalam a confiança em todo o sistema de prevenção e controle de riscos de acidentes e desastres em barragens de mineração. Devemos extrair lições dos mesmos com o sentido de mudar as lógicas vigentes de modo intersetorial e participativo.

The recent Vale S.A. dam failure in 2019 is one of the most serious work accidents ever in Brazil and is becoming a milestone for mining risk management systems in the country. It is characterized as an incident with irreversible and hard-to-manage intensive and direct impacts on workers and extensive impacts in space and time. Despite their low frequency, dam failures are not rare, but represent an open fracture in an universe in which abnormalities become the normal state of affairs in the everyday routine of corporations. Work accidents like this one and that involving the Samarco dam in 2015 undermine the trust in the entire mine tailings dam failure risk prevention and control system. We need to learn from these incidents to change the ideas and methods in vigor in an intersectoral and participatory manner.

Work accidents which become disasters: mine tailing dam failures in Brazil.

The recent Vale S.A. dam failure in 2019 is one of the most serious work accidents ever in Brazil and is becoming a milestone for mining risk management systems in the country. It is characterized as an incident with irreversible and hard-to-manage intensive and direct impacts on workers and extensive impacts in space and time. Despite their low frequency, dam failures are not rare, but represent an open fracture in an universe in which abnormalities become the normal state of affairs in the everyday routine of corporations. Work accidents like this one and that involving the Samarco dam in 2015 undermine the trust in the entire mine tailings dam failure risk prevention and control system. We need to learn from these incidents to change the ideas and methods in vigor in an intersectoral and participatory manner.

O recente rompimento da barragem da mineradora Vale S.A., em 2019, figura entre os mais graves acidentes de trabalho já registrados no Brasil e caminha para se tornar um marco no sistema de gerenciamento de riscos dessas atividades no país. Ele caracteriza-se como um evento que envolve desde impactos intensivos e diretos sobre trabalhadores e comunidades a efeitos extensivos no espaço e tempo, irreversíveis e de difícil gestão. Rompimentos de barragens não são eventos raros, porém, apesar da baixa frequência, configuram uma fratura exposta de um universo de anormalidades transformadas em normalidades no cotidiano das corporações. Acidentes de trabalho como esse e o da Samarco em 2015 abalam a confiança em todo o sistema de prevenção e controle de riscos de acidentes e desastres em barragens de mineração. Devemos extrair lições dos mesmos com o sentido de mudar as lógicas vigentes de modo intersetorial e participativo.

Environmental health risk reduction in Brazil: conquests, limits and obstacles. / Conquistas, limites e obstáculos à redução de riscos ambientais à saúde nos 30 anos do Sistema Único de Saúde.

The 1988 Constitution represents an important achievement in terms of rights and an important pact sealed around a long-term strategy for the nation's future based on a social development model oriented towards reducing the risk of disease and injuries and an ecologically balanced environment. These achievements manifested themselves in policies, institutionalization and the creation of spaces for public participation. The article outlines the main achievements, limits and obstacles that have affected the environmental and health agendas in the last 30 years since the creation of the Unified Health System . The achievements are framed within the broadening of political space for public participation and the institutionalization of the theme of environmental risks within the SUS, while the limits are framed in the relationship between development and trends of environmental risk at global/regional, local and community scale. Finally, obstacles are outlined showing that the parliamentary coup of 2016 not only accentuated existing limits, but also represents a giant represent a giant step backward in various areas related to environmental health.

A Constituição de 1988 representou importantes conquistas de direitos em torno de um projeto de país com um modelo de desenvolvimento socioeconômico orientado para a redução de risco de doenças e agravos e um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Estas conquistas se manifestaram nas políticas, na institucionalização e na criação de espaços institucionais de participação da sociedade. O objetivo deste artigo é situar as conquistas e também os limites e obstáculos na agenda de saúde e ambiente expressos nestes 30 anos do Sistema Único de Saúde. As conquistas são situadas a partir da ampliação dos espaços institucionais de participação da sociedade e institucionalização no Sistema Único de Saúde dos temas relacionados aos riscos ambientais. Os limites são situados a partir da relação entre desenvolvimento e padrões de riscos ambientais presentes nos níveis global, regional, local e comunitário. Por fim são apontados os obstáculos que, a partir do golpe parlamentar de 2016, não só acentuaram os limites já existentes, como vem produzindo retrocessos em diversas áreas relacionadas à saúde ambiental.

Conquistas, limites e obstáculos à redução de riscos ambientais à saúde nos 30 anos do Sistema Único de Saúde / Environmental health risk reduction in Brazil: conquests, limits and obstacles

Resumo A Constituição de 1988 representou importantes conquistas de direitos em torno de um projeto de país com um modelo de desenvolvimento socioeconômico orientado para a redução de risco de doenças e agravos e um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Estas conquistas se manifestaram nas políticas, na institucionalização e na criação de espaços institucionais de participação da sociedade. O objetivo deste artigo é situar as conquistas e também os limites e obstáculos na agenda de saúde e ambiente expressos nestes 30 anos do Sistema Único de Saúde. As conquistas são situadas a partir da ampliação dos espaços institucionais de participação da sociedade e institucionalização no Sistema Único de Saúde dos temas relacionados aos riscos ambientais. Os limites são situados a partir da relação entre desenvolvimento e padrões de riscos ambientais presentes nos níveis global, regional, local e comunitário. Por fim são apontados os obstáculos que, a partir do golpe parlamentar de 2016, não só acentuaram os limites já existentes, como vem produzindo retrocessos em diversas áreas relacionadas à saúde ambiental.

Abstract The 1988 Constitution represents an important achievement in terms of rights and an important pact sealed around a long-term strategy for the nation's future based on a social development model oriented towards reducing the risk of disease and injuries and an ecologically balanced environment. These achievements manifested themselves in policies, institutionalization and the creation of spaces for public participation. The article outlines the main achievements, limits and obstacles that have affected the environmental and health agendas in the last 30 years since the creation of the Unified Health System . The achievements are framed within the broadening of political space for public participation and the institutionalization of the theme of environmental risks within the SUS, while the limits are framed in the relationship between development and trends of environmental risk at global/regional, local and community scale. Finally, obstacles are outlined showing that the parliamentary coup of 2016 not only accentuated existing limits, but also represents a giant represent a giant step backward in various areas related to environmental health.

Dioctofimatose renal bilateral e disseminada em cão / Bilateral and disseminated renal dioctophimatosis in dog

Este trabalho descreve dioctofimatose renal bilateral e disseminada em canino no município de Pelotas, na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma cadela sem raça definida, de dois anos de idade e semi-domiciliada foi submetida a exame ultrassonográfico observando-se alterações sugestivas de parasitismo por Dioctophyme renale. O animal veio à morte antes de ser conduzido para nefrectomia e remoção dos parasitas. Foi encaminhado para necropsia no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da UFPel. Macroscopicamente, ao corte do rim direito observou-se atrofia do parênquima com formações císticas e exsudato serosanguinolento com quatro exemplares fêmeas de D. renale. A cápsula renal media 0,4cm de espessura, e apresentava placas multifocais esbranquiçadas, irregulares e de consistência dura, medindo até 2cm de diâmetro. Na pelve do rim esquerdo, havia um parasita macho de 22cm. A bexiga possuía conteúdo escurecido e pastoso. Ainda, livre na cavidade abdominal, próximo ao rim direito havia outro parasita macho de 30cm. No fígado havia região cicatricial no lobo em contato com o parasita. No tórax identificou-se livre na cavidade e formando impressão sob a gordura pericárdica, um parasita macho de D. renale, medindo 20cm. Histologicamente, além de lesões características da enfermidade, observou-se metaplasia óssea na capsula renal direita.(AU)

This paper describes a bilateral and disseminated renal dioctophymiasis in a canine in the municipality of Pelotas, southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. The two-year-old female dog with no defined race was semi-domiciled and was submitted to ultrasound examination presenting alterations suggestive of parasitism by Dioctophyme renale. The patient died before being led for nephrectomy and removal of the parasites. It was referred for necropsy at the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the UFPel Veterinary School. Macroscopically, at the cut of the right kidney, atrophy of the parenchyma with cystic formations and serosanguinous exudate with four female specimens of D. renale were observed. The renal capsule was 0.4cm thick and had irregular, hard, multifocal regions measuring up to 2cm in diameter. In the pelvis of the left kidney, there was a 22cm long male parasite. The bladder had darkened and pasty contents. Also, free in the abdominal cavity, near to the right kidney there was another male parasite of 30cm. In the liver there was a cicatricial region in the lobe in contact with the parasite. In the thorax, a male parasite of D. renale measuring 20cm, was identified free in the cavity and forming an impression under the pericardial fat. Histologically, in addition to the characteristic lesions of the disease, bone metaplasia was observed in the right renal capsule.(AU)

Anatomo-pathological and epidemiological analysis of urinary tract lesions in dogs / Análise anatomopatológica e epidemiologica de lesões do trato urinário de cães

ABSTRACT: In dogs, diseases of the urinary tract are common and can be caused by disorders of varied etiology. The objective of this study was to classify qualitatively and quantitatively urinary tract lesions of 363 dogs, which were classified according to its anatomical distribution and etiology. The data was obtained from the revision of 36 years of protocols from the Regional Laboratory of Diagnosis (LRD/UFPel) and it represents 4.0% of diagnoses from a total of 8980 for that period and species. Renal injury accounted for 93.1% of cases, with 309 being primary kidney lesions; from which the main lesions were the tubulointerstitial nephritis (142 cases) often associated with Leptospirosis (47). Injuries of lower urinary tract accounted for 6.9% of the cases where acute cystitis stands out (19). In this study, renal failure, acute or chronic, represented an important cause of death in dogs.

RESUMO: Em cães, as doenças do trato urinário são frequentes e podem ser causadas por desordens de etiologia variada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar qualitativa e quantitativamente lesões do trato urinário de 363 cães, as quais foram classificadas de acordo com a distribuição anatômica e etiologia. Os dados foram obtidos em uma revisão de protocolos de 36 anos do LRD/UFPel e corresponderam a 4,0% do total de 8980 diagnósticos realizados no período para a espécie. As lesões renais representaram 93,1%, sendo 309 primárias do rim; dentre as principais lesões, está a nefrite tubulo-intersticial (142 casos), geralmente associada à Leptospirose (47). O trato urinário inferior representou 6,9% dos casos, destacando-se cistite aguda (19). Neste estudo, a insuficiência renal, aguda ou crônica, representou importante causa mortis em cães.

HMGB1 localization during experimental periodontitis.

AIM: This study sought to investigate the in vitro expression profile of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in murine periodontal ligament fibroblasts (mPDL) stimulated with LPS or IL-1ß and in vivo during ligature- or LPS-induced periodontitis in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the in vivo study, 36 rats were divided into experimental and control groups, and biopsies were harvested at 7-30 d following disease induction. Bone loss and inflammation were evaluated. HMGB1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and Western blot. RESULTS: Significant increases in mPDL HMGB1 mRNA occurred at 4, 8, and 12 h with protein expression elevated by 24 h. HMGB1 mRNA expression in gingival tissues was significantly increased at 15 d in the LPS-PD model and at 7 and 15 d in the ligature model. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a significant increase in the number of HMGB1-positive cells during the experimental periods. CONCLUSION: The results show that PDL cells produce HMGB1, which is increased and secreted extracellularly after inflammatory stimuli. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HMGB1 may be associated with the onset and progression of periodontitis, suggesting that further studies should investigate the potential role of HMGB1 on periodontal tissue destruction.

Dados e sistemas de informação aplicados à vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano [unidade 05]

A Unidade 5 do Curso de Capacitação a Distância em Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano trata das fontes de informação disponíveis relacionadas à ação da vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano, bem como identifica as ferramentas e os procedimentos para análise e avaliação de dados referentes ao tema.

Análise integrada da informação aplicada à vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano [unidade 06]

A Unidade 6 do Curso de Capacitação a Distância em Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano compreende os aspectos da análise integrada de dados de forma a produzir informação para a tomada de decisão em Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano. Essa unidade irá apresentar um estudo de caso hipotético para exemplificar tratamento de dados de diferentes naturezas, evidenciando as possibilidades de integração e diálogo entre os dados existentes e as informações geradas.

Atuação da vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e ações de preparação e resposta em situações de emergência [unidade 07 - parte 1]

A Unidade 07, parte 1 do Curso de Capacitação a Distância em Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano busca compreender os conceitos básicos adotados pela Defesa Civil em nível nacional e pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OPAS/OMS), apresentando, assim, os aspectos ligados as terminologias utilizadas na gestão de risco, os tipos e a classificação dos desastres e sua relação com a saúde, bem como o entendimento do papel e das responsabilidades das instituições que atuam em situações de emergência.